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Authors
Zambrana, José Victor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-6173
Mellis, Ian A.
Shotwell, Abigail
Maier, Hannah E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5761-0801
Saborio, Yara
Barillas, Carlos
Lopez, Roger
Vasquez, Gerald
Plazaola, Miguel
Sanchez, Nery
Ojeda, Sergio
Gilbertson, Isabel
Kuan, Guillermina
Wang, Qian
Liu, Lihong
Balmaseda, Angel
Ho, David D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-149X
Gordon, Aubree https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-7877
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV019355)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV019355)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201400006C)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93021C00016)
Open Philantropy; Supported by the Biosciences Initiative at the University of Michigan through a Mid-career Biosciences Faculty Achievement Award.
NIH SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution (SAVE) Program -
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Competing interests
: A.G. has received institutional funding from Flu Lab and Open Philanthropy; personal honoraria from Hope College and the La Jolla Institute of Immunology; compensation for expert testimony from Berman and Simmons; and travel support from the Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). A.G. has also served or serves in an advisory capacity to Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi Pasteur. D.D.H. co-founded TaiMed Biologics and RenBio, and he serves as a consultant for WuXi Biologics and Brii Biosciences and is a board director at Vicarious Surgical. All other authors declare no potential competing interests.
