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Article History
Received: 3 July 2024
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Competing interests
: B.L.C.C. receives honorarium for obesity-related presentations and/or participates in the advisory board of Novo Nordisk, Abbott Nutrition and DKSH, and all honorariums were paid to Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore. J.N. receives research funding from Astra Zeneca. J.L. participates in the advisory board of Boehringer Ingelheim and is a council member of National Council Against Drug Abuse, Singapore. G.A.M., K.E.W., and P.A.S. are employees of Metabolon. L.P.Y., and Y.Z.X. are employees of Ministry of Health, Singapore. The other authors declare no competing interests.