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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Competing interests

: A Lléo has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for Almirall, Fujirebio-Europe, Roche, Biogen, Grifols, Novartis, Eisai, Lilly, and Nutricia outside the submitted work. M.C.I. has served on an advisory board for Roche and has received honoraria for educational events from Esteve, Lilly, Neuraxpharm, Roche and Adium pharma outside the submitted work. D.A. participated in advisory boards from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Grifols S.A. and Lilly, and received speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica S.L., Zambon S.A.U., Neuraxpharm, Alter Medica, Lilly and Esteve Pharmaceuticals SA outside the submitted work. D.A., A Lléo and J.F. report holding a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to ADx, EPI8382175.0; WO2019175379 A1) outside of the submitted work. K.B. has served as a consultant and at advisory boards for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and WebMD, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program outside the submitted work. J.F. reported serving on the advisory boards, adjudication committees, or speaker honoraria from AC Immune, Alnylam, Adamed, Alzheon, Biogen, Eisai, Esteve, Fujirebio, Ionis, Laboratorios Carnot, Life Molecular Imaging, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novo Nordisk, Perha, Roche, Zambón, Spanish Neurological Society, T21 Research Society, Lumind Foundation, Jérôme-Lejeune Foundation, Alzheimer’s Association, National Institutes of Health USA, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III outside the submitted work. J.F. reports holding a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to ADx, EPI8382175.0). N.J.A. has served at scientific advisory boards or has given lectures sponsored by Biogen, Eli-Lilly, Quanterix, VJ Dementia and Roche outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.