Mohseni Armaki, Amir https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0432-8752
Guo, Yaqi
Ahmadi, Majid https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2321-3060
Streefland, Roan
Bäuerlein, Patrick S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-5997
Mol, Arjan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-5145
Kumar, Siddhant https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-8641
Taheri, Peyman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-7292
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Competing interests
: P. Taheri and M. Ahmadi are inventors of a patent application (European Patent, application no. P133617EP00, EP4260053A2) related to component measurement in fluids using impedance spectroscopy. All remaining authors declare no competing interests.