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Authors
Wang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-3732
Wang, Qianli
Zhao, Sihong
Zhou, Xiaoyu
Crooke, Stephen N.
Salje, Henrik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3626-4254
Jit, Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-8255
Yu, Hongjie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-5648
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
National Science Foundation of China | Young Scientists Fund (82304205)
Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-034281 and INV-016832)
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Article History
Received: 19 October 2024
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Competing interests
: H.Y. has received research funding from Sanofi Pasteur, Shenzhen Sanofi Pasteur Biological Products Co., Ltd, Shanghai Roche Pharmaceutical Company, and SINOVAC Biotech Ltd. None of these funds is related to this work. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All other authors declare no competing interests.
