Liu, Chuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-1095
Aggarwal, Praful
Wagner, Karl T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-7622
Landau, Shira
Cui, Teng
Song, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0313-1631
Shamaei, Laleh
Rafatian, Naimeh
Zhao, Yimu
Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia
Morton, Keith
Virlee, Elizabeth
Li, Chen Yu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8473-3708
Bannerman, Dawn
Pascual-Gil, Simon
Okhovatian, Sargol https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-7397
Radisic, Anastasia
Clotet-Freixas, Sergi
Veres, Teodor
Sadrzadeh, Mohtada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0403-8351
Filleter, Tobin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-4773
Broeckel, Ulrich
Konvalinka, Ana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6672-355X
Radisic, Milica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1249-4135
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (I2IPJ 567631-22)
Article History
Received: 25 March 2024
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Competing interests
: M.R., A.K. and C.L. are inventors on a pending US Patent application (No. 18/216,504) relating to fractal cues for cell maturation. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.