Zhang, Yingying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3435-1330
Watson, Brianna https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-5330
Rattan, Ajitanuj https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-2579
Lee, Tyrone https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7750-0448
Chawla, Smriti
Geistlinger, Ludwig
Guan, Yilin
Lord, Finley B.
Ma, Minghe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-6240
Miwa, Takashi
Golla, Madhu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7729-2254
Caldarone, Barbara J.
Song, Wen-chao
Moffitt, Jeffrey R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-3101
Carroll, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-4295
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH112491)
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (32430)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM143277)
Article History
Received: 31 August 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: J.R.M. is a co-founder of, stakeholder in, and advisor for Vizgen, Inc. J.R.M. is an inventor on published patents (US62/050,636; US62/031,062; and US62/419,033) that describe the MERFISH technology used in this work. These patents were applied for on behalf of J.R.M. by Harvard University. J.R.M.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Boston Children’s Hospital in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. Other authors declare no conflict of interest.