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Article History

Received: 23 May 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Competing interests

: M.P. reports grants, consulting fees and non-financial support from BMS; grants, consulting fees and non-financial support from Roche; grants, consulting fees and non-financial support from Astra Zeneca; consulting fees from MSD; consulting fees from Takeda; outside the submitted work. B.C. reports payment or honoraria from BMS, Astra Zeneca, Novartis, Amgen; support for attending meetings or travels from Roche, Astra Zeneca, GSK, Lilly; and advisory board from Roche and Astra Zeneca. R.G.-C. reports payment or honoraria from AstraZeneca, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and Takeda; support for attending meetings or travel from AstraZeneca, Roche, Pfizer, BMS, MSD, and Janssen; and advisory board participation with AstraZeneca and Janssen. M.D. reports payment or honoraria from Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, MSD, Guardant; support for attending meetings or travels from Janssen; advisory Board participation with Bristol Myers Squibb. S.V-E. reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria from AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings or travels from AstraZeneca. A.F. reports payment or honoraria from AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings or travels from Merck, MSD, Pfizer. A.B. reports consulting fees from AZ; payment Honoraria from Regeneron; support for attending meetings or travels from Roche Pharma. A.I. reports payment or honoraria from Amgen, BMS, Regeneron, Roche, Takeda; support for attending meetings or travel: Roche, Pfizer, MSD, Takeda; and advisory board participation with AstraZeneca, Roche, Pfizer, Takeda. M.C-A. reports payment or honoraria: Roche, Bristol, MSD, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda, Regeneron; support for attending meetings and/or travel: Roche, Bristol, MSD, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda, Regeneron. R.L. reports payment or honoraria from Takeda, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Pierre-Fabre; support for attending meetings or travel from Roche, AstraZeneca, MSD, Takeda, Merck Serono. V.C. reports consulting fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, MSD, BMS, Takeda, Sanofi, Amgen, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen; payment or honoraria from Roche, AstraZeneca, MSD, BMS, Takeda, Sanofi, Amgen, Pfizer, Janssen, Beigene; support for attending meetings or travels: AstraZeneca, Roche, MSD, Takeda, Janssen. D.R-A. reports honoraria for lectures from MSD, Roche, BMS, Novartis, Takeda, Lilly, AstraZeneca. Support for attending meetings or travels from Roche, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi; advisory board participation with Merck Sharp Dohme, Regeneron, BMS, GSK, Lilly. J.B-B. reports consulting fees from Roche; payment or honoraria from BMS, Roche, AstraZeneca, Regeneron, MSD, Pfizer, Amgen; support for attending meetings or travels from MSD, Roche, Takeda. A.L-M. reports payment or honoraria from Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis; support for attending meetings or travels from MSD, AMGEM, Takeda; support for attending meetings or travels from MSD, Roche, Takeda. A.R. reports grants from EMQN; consulting fees from Johnson and Johnson, ThermoFisher; payment or honoraria from Illumina, Health in Code, ThermoFisher; support for attending meetings or travels from ThermoFisher, Bristol Myers Squibb; and Advisory Board participation with Takeda. All other authors declare no competing interests.