Pan, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0262-5843
Li, Xin
Johnson, Amalya C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-984X
Dhuey, Scott
Saunders, Ashley https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-5884
Hu, Meng-Xia
Dixon, Jefferson P.
Dagli, Sahil
Lau, Sze-Cheung
Weng, Tingting
Chen, Chih-Yi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2692-7728
Zeng, Jun-Hao
Apte, Rajas https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9708-3661
Heinz, Tony F.
Liu, Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-8328
Deng, Zi-Lan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-6014
Dionne, Jennifer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-4357
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0021984, DE-AC02-05CH11231)
U.S. Department of Energy (National Quantum Information Science Research Centers)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2567)
National Science Foundation (ECCS-1542152, ECCS-2026822)
U.S. Department of Defense (National Defense Science and Engineering (NDSEG) Fellowship Program)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62422506, 12474383)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR00112390108)
Article History
Received: 9 June 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.