Aggarwal, Dinesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-8172
Bellis, Katherine L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-7027
Blane, Beth
de Goffau, Marcus C.
Wagner, Josef
Ng, Duncan Y. K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-8244
Raven, Kathy E.
Naydenova, Plamena
Kaptoge, Stephen
Burton, Susan
Henry, Rachel
Perry, Catherine
Walker, Matthew R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6334-2732
Moore, Carmel
Churcher, Carol
Girgis, Sophia T. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2368-0432
de Sousa, Catarina Ribeiro
Sarkane, Lauma
Brennan, Joe
Akram, Asha
Duthie, Shannon
Johnson, Elisha
Juhasz, Mercedesz
Anderson, David
Irvine, Susan
McMahon, Amy
Lay, Liz
Salter, Susannah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3898-8504
Raisen, Claire
Ba, Xiaoliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-3585
Holmes, Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5454-1625
van Tonder, Andries J.
Di Angelantonio, Emanuele https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-6719
Butterworth, Adam S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6915-9015
Geoghegan, Joan A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-0668
Danesh, John
Parkhill, Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-5958
Peacock, Sharon J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1718-2782
Harrison, Ewan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-0507
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (211864/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
Wellcome Trust (222903/Z/21/Z)
Isaac Newton Trust (17.07(1))
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR203312, NIHR203337,)
British Heart Foundation (CH/12/2/29428)
Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: A.S.B. reports institutional grants outside of this work from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Novartis, Regeneron and Sanofi. J.D. serves on scientific advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Novartis, and UK Biobank, and has received multiple grants from academic, charitable and industry sources outside of the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.