Chen, Xi
Raghunathan, Krishnan
Bao, Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7610-3426
Ngwa, Elsy
Kwong, Andrew
Wu, Zhongyang
Babcock, Stephen
Baek, Clara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0644-365X
Ye, George https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-7121
Muppirala, Anoohya
Peng, Qianni
Rutlin, Michael
Bhaumik, Mantu
Yang, Daping
Kotlarz, Daniel
Jadhav, Unmesh
Rao, Meenakshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8194-9204
Weerapana, Eranthie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0835-8301
Zhou, Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-6823
Ordovas-Montanes, Jose https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-5601
Snapper, Scott B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0267-4247
Thiagarajah, Jay R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-325X
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R03DK125630)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (RC2DK122532)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK034854)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM151000)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM134964)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (HD105351)
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Kenneth Rainin Foundation
Pew Charitable Trusts
G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Foundation
New York Stem Cell Foundation
Article History
Received: 10 May 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Competing interests
: J.O.M. reports compensation for consulting services with Tessel Biosciences and Radera Biotherapeutics. Michael Rutlin is now a full-time employee of Novo Nordisk. The authors declare no competing interests.