Lu, Zhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-8756
Chen, Wentao
Sun, Feihao https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6426-3527
Fan, Jiaqi https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1860-3729
Li, Xinyang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-5448
Fu, Zhenqi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2950-7190
Jin, Manchang https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8504-5878
Wu, Jiamin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-1026
Dai, Qionghai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-3061
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62222508)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62575154)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62575154)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62231018)
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (4254114)
Article History
Received: 8 February 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: Q.D. and J.W. are founders and equity holders of Zhejiang Hehu Technology, which commercializes related techniques. Q.D., W.C., Z.L. and J.W. submitted patent applications related to the LF-denoising technology described in this work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.