Van Vu, Tien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-7664
Thi Nguyen, Ngan https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4073-1632
Kim, Jihae https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6701-7507
Sung, Yeon Woo
Chung, Woo Sik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2297-3220
Kim, Jae-Yean https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-6232
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2022-NR070609)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-02263262)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2021-NR060105)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2020-NR049590)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2020-NR049590)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-02263262)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2022-NR070609)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-02263262)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2021-NR060105)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-02263262)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2022-NR070609)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2020-NR049590)
Article History
Received: 6 September 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: J.Y.K. is the founder and CEO of Nulla Bio Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.