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Authors
Yu, Zhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-3474
Vromman, Amélie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-2095
Nguyen, Ngoc Quynh H.
Schuermans, Art https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-9692
Li, Linke https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6350-5121
Rentz, Thiago
Nakao, Tetsushi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-2682
Vellarikkal, Shamsudheen K.
Uddin, Md Mesbah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-0411
Niroula, Abhishek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-0635
Griffin, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-6757
Honigberg, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-5021
Lin, Amy E.
Gibson, Christopher J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-5310
Katz, Daniel H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7237-8502
Tahir, Usman A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-6082
Fang, Shi
Dron, Jacqueline S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-6530
Pan, Michael https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8529-897X
Haidermota, Sara
Ganesh, Shriienidhie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-7526
Antoine, Tajmara
Weinstock, Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-1899
Austin, Thomas R.
Vasan, Ramachandran S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7357-5970
Peloso, Gina M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-8636
Hornsby, Whitney
Ganz, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-8882
Manson, JoAnn E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9426-7595
Haring, Bernhard https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6109-431X
Kooperberg, Charles https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-8560
Reiner, Alexander P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-4470
Bis, Joshua C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-1110
Psaty, Bruce M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-2190
Min, Yuan-I https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-0004
Correa, Adolfo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9501-600X
Lange, Leslie A.
Post, Wendy S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-5204
Rotter, Jerome I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-1723
Rich, Stephen S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7793
Wilson, James G.
Ebert, Benjamin L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0197-5451
Yu, Bing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-1077
Ballantyne, Christie M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-1730
Coresh, Josef https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4598-0669
Sankaran, Vijay G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-443X
Bick, Alexander G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5824-9595
Jaiswal, Siddhartha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-0477
Gerszten, Robert E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-7687
,
Tahir, Usman A.
Gerszten, Robert E.
Libby, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-502X
Gupta, Rajat M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-4106
Natarajan, Pradeep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-7435
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL142711, R01HL127564, R01HL148050, R01HL151283, R01HL148565, R01HL135242, and R01HL151152)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL173028, R01HL148565)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08HL161445)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01 HL159081, R01 HL153499)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL148565)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL134892 and 1R01HL163099-01)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K99HL165024)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK125782)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5U01DK108809)
Fondation Leducq (TNE-18CVD04)
Fondation Leducq (TNE-18CVD04)
Massachusetts General Hospital (Paul and Phyllis Fireman Endowed Chair in Vascular Medicine)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R00HG012956)
Harvard Medical School (Harold M. English Fellowship Fund)
Science for Life Laboratory (KAW 2020.0239)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH104964 and R01 MH123451)
American Heart Association (24RGRSG1275749, 25SFRNCCKMS1443062, 25SFRNPCKMS1463898)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Burroughs Wellcome Foundation Career Award for Medical Scientists)
Stanford University
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2024
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Competing interests
: A.E.L. is currently a member of TenSixteen Bio, outside of the submitted work. B.L.E. has received research funding from Celgene, Deerfield, Novartis, and Calico and consulting fees from GRAIL. He is a member of the scientific advisory board and shareholder for Neomorph Inc., Big Sur Bio, Skyhawk Therapeutics, and Exo Therapeutics. B.M.P. serves on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. J.C. is a scientific advisor to SomaLogic. M.C.H. reports consulting fees from Comanche Biopharma, research support from Genentech, and site principal investigator work for Novartis. P.L. is an unpaid consultant to, or involved in clinical trials for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Baim Institute, Beren Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Genentech, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Merck, Moderna, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Regeneron. P.L. is a member of the scientific advisory board for Amgen, Caristo Diagnostics, Cartesian Therapeutics, CSL Behring, DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Dewpoint Therapeutics, Eulicid Bioimaging, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Olatec Therapeutics, Medimmune, Novartis, PlaqueTec, TenSixteen Bio, Soley Thereapeutics, and XBiotech, Inc. P.L.‘s laboratory has received research funding in the last 2 years from Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Genentech. P.L. is on the Board of Directors of XBiotech, Inc. P.L. has a financial interest in Xbiotech, a company developing therapeutic human antibodies, in TenSixteen Bio, a company targeting somatic mosaicism and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) to discover and develop novel therapeutics to treat age-related diseases, and in Soley Therapeutics, a biotechnology company that is combining artificial intelligence with molecular and cellular response detection for discovering and developing new drugs, currently focusing on cancer therapeutics. P.L.‘s interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. P.N. reports investigator-initiated grants from Amgen, Apple, Boston Scientific, Novartis, and AstraZeneca, personal fees from Allelica, Apple, AstraZeneca, Blackstone Life Sciences, Foresite Labs, Genentech, and Novartis, scientific board membership for Esperion Therapeutics, geneXwell, and TenSixteen Bio, and spousal employment at Vertex, all unrelated to the present work. P.N., A.G.B., S.J., and B.L.E. are scientific co-founders of TenSixteen Bio, and P.L. is an advisor to TenSixteen Bio. TenSixteen Bio is a company focused on clonal hematopoiesis but had no role in the present work. S.J. is on advisory boards for Novartis, AVRO Bio, and Roche Genentech, reports speaking fees and a honorarium from GSK, and is on the scientific advisory board of Bitterroot Bio. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interests.
