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Authors
Lee, Branden
Dong, Danica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2180-6508
Nanishi, Etsuro
Awad, John Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1264-1847
Abedi, Kimia Z.
Saito, Yoshine
Borriello, Francesco
Barman, Soumik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3641-2125
Brook, Byron https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3184-8285
Kelly, Aisling
Menon, Manisha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7152-3752
Marques-Mourlet, Constance
Gupta, Maansi V. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2680-1555
Lister, Ida
Oh, Chiwoo
Lyskawa, Kevin
Goetz, Morgan
Walker, Kristina
Cheng, Wing Ki
Brightman, Spencer E.
Sharma, Pankaj
O’Meara, Timothy R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3651-5167
Chew, Katherine
Vieira, Daniel
Ryff, Kevin
Sweitzer, Cali
Thomas, Sanya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-9461
van Haren, Simon D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-0161
Pettengill, Matthew
Seo, Hyuk-Soo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0646-2102
Dhe-Paganon, Sirano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-5929
Zhang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-2763
Levy, Ofer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-1945
Dowling, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1095-6156
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201400052C)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93019C00044)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2024
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: F.B., O.L., and D.J.D. are named inventors on patent applications held by Boston Children’s Hospital related to thiazole benzamide compounds, including PVP-057, encompassing their use as immunomodulators and adjuvants. F.B., B.B., O.L., E.N., Y.S., T.R.O., S.D.v.H., and D.J.D. are named inventors on patent applications related to multiple adjuvants and vaccinal antigens. O.L. is a consultant to and his laboratory receives sponsored research support from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). He also receives royalties from Wolters Kluwer for his contribution to a chapter in UpToDate . D.J.D. has served as a consultant for Merck Research Laboratories/Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (a Merck & Co., Inc. subsidiary), is on EdJen BioTech’s scientific advisory board, and his laboratory receives sponsored research support from Merck and Combined Therapeutics. O.L. and D.J.D. are co-founders of ARMR Sciences. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
