Mercure, Jean-François https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2620-9200
Lam, Aileen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-6970
Buxton, Joshua E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-0368
Boulton, Chris A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7836-9391
Akther, Amir
Lenton, Timothy M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-7498
Funding for this research was provided by:
Climate Support Facility, World Bank BEIS/DESNZ (UK Government) program Economics of Energy Innovation and System Transition
Bezos Earth Fund
BEIS/DESNZ (UK Government) program Economics of Energy Innovation and System Transition (EEIST) Bezos Earth Fund
Article History
Received: 26 January 2025
Accepted: 19 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.