Wang, Brenda M. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6876-6125
Chiang, Nicole
Ekas, Holly M.
Brown, Dylan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8153-7683
Dildine, Garrett https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0300-7067
Lucci, Tyler J.
Feng, Siyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2374-4769
Bly, Vanessa https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3294-6094
Gaillard, Jean-François https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8276-6418
Lucks, Julius B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-6505
Karim, Ashty S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-7715
Shukla, Diwakar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-5381
Jewett, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-6211
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Laboratory (W911NF-23-1-0334)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-22-2-0246)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-23-1-0420)
National Science Foundation (DGE-2234667)
National Science Foundation (2319427)
National Science Foundation (2310382)
DOE | LDRD | Ames Laboratory (NNA06CB93G)
Article History
Received: 21 May 2025
Accepted: 19 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interest(s): M.C.J. is a co-founder and has interest in Stemloop, Inc., Pearl Bio, Gauntlet Bio, and Synolo Therapeutics; J.B.L. is a co-founder and has interest in Stemloop. Inc. These interests are reviewed and managed by Northwestern University and Stanford University in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. All other authors report no competing interests.