Cui, Xiaole
Amelinck, Laura
Gillon, Oriane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-6247
Catani, João Paulo Portela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-3933
Gao, Ya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0440-0840
Sun, Qing
De Sutter, Elisabeth
Vervaeke, Pieter
Snoeck, Janne
Lienenklaus, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4790-3445
Saelens, Xavier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-6965
Zhong, Zifu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5915-1618
Sanders, Niek N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-0343
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF.CDV.2024.0044.01)
Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF.BAS.2018.0028.01)
Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF.CDV.2024.0044.01)
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G0A8922N)
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (12K0323N)
China Scholarship Council (202107650043)
Article History
Received: 8 February 2025
Accepted: 19 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Competing interests
: N.N.S. is the inventor of 2 granted patents on mRNA carriers (WO2021122871A1 and WO2022207938A1), 1 patent on a saRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (WO2021255270A1) and 2 pending patents, one on saRNAs and one on (sa)-mRNA vaccination strategies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.