Yang, Liwen https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8320-7781
Nie, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-0515
Yan, Chao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5735-9597
Ehn, Mikael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0215-4893
Liu, Yuliang
Roldin, Pontus
Qi, Ximeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7840-8239
Kerminen, Veli-Matti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-669X
Donahue, Neil M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3054-2364
Worsnop, Douglas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8928-8017
Kulmala, Markku https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-7825
Ding, Aijun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-5386
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42220104006)
Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing Interests.