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Pre-existing and early cellular immune factors correlate with functionally complete protection against primary controlled human SARS-CoV-2 infection

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67017-8

Published Online: 2025-12-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Wagstaffe, Helen R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4462-7484
Thwaites, Ryan S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3052-2793
Sidhu, Jasmin K.

Lindeboom, Rik G. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-504X
Kretschmer, Lorenz

Worlock, Kaylee B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-7634
Dratva, Lisa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-6787
Huang, Ao

Ascough, Stephanie

Papargyris, Loukas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-5826
McKendry, Richard

Collins, Ashley M. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1205-4366
Xu, Jiayun

Lemm, Nana-Marie

Killingley, Ben

Kalinova, Mariya

Mann, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3744-4604
Catchpole, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-1008
Swadling, Leo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0537-6715
Tsang, John S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3186-3047
Maini, Mala K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-1462
Noursadeghi, Mahdad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4774-0853
Nikolić, Marko Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-6848
Teichmann, Sarah A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6294-6366
Openshaw, Peter J. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-2555
Chiu, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0914-920X
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Wellcome Trust (224530/z/21/z)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-07

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-09
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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 7 December 2025

Competing interests

: A.M. and A.C. hold shares in hVIVO Services Ltd. In the past 3 years, S.A.T. has received remuneration for scientific advisory board membership from Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Foresite Labs and Qiagen. S.A.T. is a co-founder and holds equity in Transition Bio and Ensocell. From 8 January 2024, S.A.T. is a part-time employee of GlaxoSmithKline. P.O. declares remuneration for scientific advisory boards from Sanofi, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Seqirus, Moderna, BioNet Asia, Shionogi and IntegerBio. J.S.T. serves on the scientific advisory boards of CytoReason, ImmunoScape, and Snow Medical. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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