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Article History

Received: 12 July 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Competing interests

: P.A.K. declares consulting and/or advisory board participation for AstraZeneca, Bayer, GSK, Merck, Pfizer, BMS, Repare, IMV, Artios, Kadmon, Cardiff, Immunogen, EMD Serono, Scorpion, Schrodinger, Nimbus, Mural Oncology, unrelated to this work. R.T.P. reports personal fees for advisory boards from Aadi Bioscience, AstraZeneca, GSK Inc., ImmunoGen Inc., Merck & Co., Roche Pharma, Sutro Biopharma; Tubulis Gmbh; Serves on DSMBs for AstraZeneca, EQRx & Roche Pharma; Institutional research funding (as PI): 858 Therapeutics; Royalties from BMJ Publishing, UptoDate, Elsevier Ltd., Wolters Kluwer Health & Wiley Blackwell.; Payment for educational events: Research to Practice, ExpertConnect, ReachMD, CMEO Outfitters, unrelated to this work. J.F.L. declares consulting and/or advisory board participation for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Genentech/Roche, Genmab, GlaxoSmithKline, LoxoLilly, Merck, SystImmune, Regeneron Therapeutics, Revolution Medicine, and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals, unrelated to this work. U.A.M. declares participation in scientific advisory boards: NextCure, Abbvie, Immunogen, Profound Bio, Eisai, the Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance, Tango Therapeutics, Novartis, GSK, Daiichi Sankyo, DayOne Bio, and Whitehawk Therapeutics; UAM also reports participation in a data safety-monitoring board: Mural Oncology, Macrogenics, Daiichi Sankyo, Astrazseneca and Symphogen, all unrelated to this work. E.K.L. declares advisory board participation: Aadi Biosciences, Oncusp Therapeutics, Genmab, all unrelated to this work. N.Z., T.V.L., S.C. (Susana Campos), C.K., A.A.W., R.P., N.H., S.B., S.H., H.S., L.K., M.H., M.P., M.S., P.W., S.C. (Su-Chun Cheng), C.C. and J.H.B. declare no competing interests.