So, Visal https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1326-3120
Duraisamy Suganthi, Midhuna https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4525-6237
Zhu, Mingjian https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6835-2667
Menon, Abhishek
Tomaras, George https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7149-6153
Zhuravel, Roman
Pu, Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-3076
Wolynes, Peter G.
Onuchic, José N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9448-0388
Pagano, Guido https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-4015
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (PHY-2513089)
National Science Foundation (PHY-2019745)
National Science Foundation (PHY-2210291)
National Science Foundation (PHY-2144910)
Welch Foundation (C-1669)
Welch Foundation (C-2154)
D. R. Bullard-Welch Chair at Rice University
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-22-1-2282)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2665)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-24-1-2593)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0023806)
Article History
Received: 10 July 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Competing interests
: R.Z. is a cofounder and chief executive officer of TAMOS Inc. G.P. is a cofounder and chief scientist of TAMOS Inc. The other authors declare no competing interests.