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Han, Guangshuai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-5072

Su, Yen-Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-0997

He, Rui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-2952

Huang, Cihang

Kong, Zhihao

Lin, Guang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0976-1987

Feng, Yining https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5683-0079

Lu, Na https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6367-1341

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Science Foundation

Department of Transportation | Federal Highway Administration (TPF-5(281))

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Version of Record valid from 2026-01-13