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Authors
Matthewman, Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3291-2381
Schultze, Anna
Bhaskaran, Krishnan
Roberts, Amanda
Denaxas, Spiros
Mansfield, Kathryn E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-410X
Langan, Sinéad M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-7441
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Competing interests
: Julian Matthewman, Anna Schultze, Spiros Denaxas, Krishnan Bhaskaran, and Amanda Roberts have no competing interests to report relating to the findings. Sinéad M Langan is a co-investigator in a consortium with industry and multiple academic partners (BIOMAP-IMI.eu) but is not in receipt of industry funding. Kathryn E Mansfield reports individual consulting fees from AMGEN.
: This research was informed by AR, an independent patient partner and co-author of this work.
