Levrier, Antoine
Soudier, Paul
Garenne, David
Izri, Ziane
Bowden, Steven
Lindner, Ariel B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-6511
Noireaux, Vincent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-273X
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (CBET FMRG 2228971)
Human Frontier Science Program (LT0007/2024-L)
Fondation Bettencourt Schueller
École Doctorale Frontières de l’Innovation en Recherche et Éducation—Programme Bettencourt
Article History
Received: 23 May 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Competing interests
: Antoine Levrier, Ariel B. Lindner and Vincent Noireaux have submitted a patent application to the European Patent Office pertaining to the reconstitution of a complete cell-free synthetic cell-based phage cycle of this work (application number EP25305837, pending). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.