Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 May 2025

Accepted: 21 November 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Competing interests

: Dr. Spratt reports personal fees from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer not related to this work. Dr. Kishan reported receiving personal fees from Novartis, ViewRay, Inc, Varian Medical Systems, and Boston Scientific; receiving speaking honoraria, consulting fees, and research support from Varian Medical Systems, ViewRay, Inc; receiving grants from Janssen, Lantheus, Point Biopharma; and receiving research funding from ViewRay, Inc, outside the submitted work. Dr. Jia reports honoraria from Myovant and Blue Earth Diagnostics; grant support from Novartis. Dr Tombal reports consultancy fees from Bayer related to material pertaining to this world and consultancy fees from Astellas, Astrazeneca, Ferring, Pfizer, Myovant, Novartis and Janssens not related to that work. Dr. Mckay reports Consultant/advisor with Ambrx, Arcus, AstraZeneca, Aveo, Bayer, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calithera, Caris, Daiichi Sankyo, Dendreon, Exelixis, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Merck, Myovant, Neomorph, Nimbus, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, SeaGen, Sorrento Therapeutics, Telix, Tempus and Institutional research funding from Artera AI, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Oncternal, Tempus. Dr. Roy reports Young Investigator Award from the Prostate Cancer Foundation. In addition, Dr. Roy reports a research grant from Swim Across America and honorarium from Varian. Dr. Roy also holds stocks at Pfizer and Merck. Dr. Swami reports consultancy to Astellas, AstraZeneca, Adaptimmune, Exelixis, Gilead, Imvax, Janssen, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics and Sanofi and research funding to institute from Janssen, Exelixis and Astellas/Seattle Genetics. Dr. Agarwal reports research funding to his institution from Arnivas, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, Bayer, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Calithera, Celldex, Clovis, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eisai, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Genentech, Gilead, Glaxo Smith Kline, Immunomedics, Janssen, Lava, Medivation, Merck, Nektar, Neoleukin, New Link Genetics, Novartis, Oric, Pfizer, Prometheus, Rexahn, Roche, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Takeda, and Tracon. Dr. Sweeney reports research Funding paid to institution by: Janssen, Astellas, Pfizer, Bayer; Consulting, or Advisory Role: Johnson and Johnson, Astellas, Bayer, Genentech/Roche, Pfizer, Lilly; PointBiopharma; Astra Zeneca, Novartis, Advancell, BMS. Dr Barata reports research grants or personal fees from Astellas; AstraZeneca; Bayer; Eisai; ESSA Pharma; Ipsen; Caris Life Sciences; Exelixis; Janssen; EMD Serono; Dendreon; Pfizer, Seattle Genetics; Merck; Merus; BMS; Bayer, Guardant Health; Myovant; Novartis; UroToday; OncLive; Targeted Oncology not related to this work. Dr. Davis is the global co-chair of the ENZAMET trial (ANZUP 1304), led by the Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group (ANZUP) of which IDD is director and chair. ANZUP has received funding for clinical trials from both Astellas and Bayer. IDD has received institutional funding from Astellas and Bayer for clinical trials involving enzalutamide or radium-223 dichloride. Dr. Davis also has been member or chair of advisory boards for Astellas and Bayer. IDD receives no remuneration for any of this activity. IDD is employed by Monash University and Eastern Health and is supported in part by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant L3 (2016274). Dr. Morgan reports research funding to institution from Knight Therapeutics Inc. Dr. Wallis has received honoraria from AbbVie, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, EMD Serono, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Haymarket Media, Science & Medicine Canada, TerSera Canada, and Tolmar Pharmaceuticals Canada; reports consulting fees from Janssen Oncology, SESEN Bio, and Precision Point Specialty LLC; and has received research funding from Knight Therapeutics and Tolmar Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Dr. Malone has received honoraria from Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, and Sanofi; and travel and accommodations support from TerSera and Sanofi. Dr. Brown reports personal fees from EMD Serono and personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr. Chowdhury, receiving honoraria, fees for serving on a speaker’s bureau, consulting fees, and travel support from Johnson and Johnson, Astellas Pharma, and Sanofi and grant support, honoraria, fees for serving on a speaker’s bureau, consulting fees, and travel support from Clovis Oncology. Dr. Chi reports receiving grant support, consulting fees, and lecture fees from Janssen, Astellas Pharma, and Sanofi and grant support and consulting fees from Essa Pharma, Bayer, Roche, and AstraZeneca. Dr. Ong reports personal fees from Janssen, Bayer, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer. Dr. Saad reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Janssen, during the conduct of the study; grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Astellas, grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Bayer, outside the submitted work. Dr. Hussain reports the following COI: Advisory Boards honorarium from Bayer, Convergent, AstraZeneca; Invited Educational events/Lectures/manuscripts Honorarium from PER/NYGU, RTP, Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Medical Education (Virtual) program by AstraZeneca, for Prostate cancer manuscript Post PER NY GU Oncology meeting – MJH, ASCO 2024: Prostate Cancer Highlights. Several invited Lectures Brazil– travel expenses and honorarium received from Bayer. APEX meeting Vienna– Travel expenses + honorarium (Bayer). Clinical Trials Funding - Contracts with Northwestern University: AstraZeneca, Bayer, Arvinas. Dr. Halabi has served as a member of the Data Safety Monitoring for BMS, Beigene, CG Oncology, Janessen, and Sanofi, and has served on an advisory board for Novartis. She received research funding (institution) from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and Prostate Cancer Foundation. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.