Li, Xiuchun
Hernandez, Rebecca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-3323
Zhang, Xudong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-0067
Tang, Sijie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-1855
Yuan, Xiaohong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-5197
Wu, Jing
Pham, Kathy
Rawal, Hukam C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-9721
Heinrich, Erica C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-6165
Zhang, Shenglong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8003-7484
Chen, Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-9589
Zhou, Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-1931
Zhou, Changcheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7649-0710
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R35ES035015)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01HL167206)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01HG012853)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01HD092431)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01ES032024)
Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following financial interests which may be considered as potential competing interests: S.Z. is the founder and president of DirectSeq Biosciences, Inc. C.Z. and X.L. are inventors on a provisional patent application filed by the Regents of the University of California. All authors declare no non-financial conflict of interest with regard to this study.