Kim, Chaebin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-7756
Rathi, Sumedh
Zhang, Naipeng
Seth, Arnab
Simonov, Nikolai V.
Rutherford, Aya
Chen, Long https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1992-8434
Zhou, Haidong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1595-1912
Peng, Cheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-2749
Xu, Mingyu
Xie, Weiwei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-8195
Vira, Advik D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-4951
Tian, Mengkun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-7799
Ozerov, Mykhaylo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5470-1158
Kimchi, Itamar
Mourigal, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-8440
Smirnov, Dmitry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6358-3221
Jiang, Zhigang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9884-3337
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-07ER46451)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0018660)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-07ER46451)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-07ER46451)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0025478)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-07ER46451)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0020254)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0020254)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0020254)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023648)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023648)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023648)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0025478)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0018660)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-07ER46451)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (NSF-DMR-2128556)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (NSF-DMR-2128556)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (NSF-DMR-2128556)
NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (NSF-ECCS-2025462)
NSF | ENG/OAD | Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (NSF-ECCS-2025462)
Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.