Sathe, Pratik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9978-8955
King, Andrew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-8941
Mniszewski, Susan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-0537
Coffrin, Carleton
Nisoli, Cristiano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-1023
Caravelli, Francesco
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | National Nuclear Security Administration (DE-AC52-06NA25396)
DOE | LDRD | Los Alamos National Laboratory (20240032DR)
DOE | LDRD | Los Alamos National Laboratory (20240479CR-IST)
Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Competing interests
: PS is an employee of D-Wave Quantum Inc., and ADK is an employee and stockholder; both authors declare competing interests on that basis. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.