Chowdhury, Biswanath https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3465-7505
Zhu, Kaiyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-6505
Li, Chaohui https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6196-1191
Alsing, Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8558-6471
Luebeck, Jens https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-979X
Stefanova, Maria E.
Chapman, Owen S.
Kraft, Katerina
Zhang, Shu
Lim, Jun Yi Stanley
Xie, Yipeng
Kim, Yoon Jung
Wu, Sihan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-7492
Chavez, Lukas
Nir, Guy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-6596
Henssen, Anton G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-778X
Mischel, Paul S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-2211
Chang, Howard Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-4393
Bafna, Vineet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5810-6241
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (OT2CA278635)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U24CA264379)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (OT2CA278683)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (OT2CA278688)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (OT2CA278688)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01GM114362)
Cancer Research UK (CGCATF-2021/100025)
Cancer Research UK (CGCATF-2021/100023)
Cancer Research UK (CGCATF-2021/100012)
Cancer Research UK (CGCATF-2021/100012)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP210041)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR210034)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR210018)
American Cancer Society (CAT-24-1379043-01-CAT)
Deutsche Krebshilfe (Mildred Scheel Professorship program 70114107)
Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 28 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Competing interests
: K.K. is an employee and stockholder of Amgen as of 09/15/2025. S.W. is a member of the scientific advisory board of Dimension Genomics Inc. P.S.M. is co-founder of Boundless Bio, Inc. He has equity and chairs the scientific advisory board, for which he is compensated. P.S.M. is also co-founder of S1 Oncology. He has equity, is on the board of directors, and consults for the company, for which he is compensated. V.B. is a co-founder, consultant, scientific advisory board member and has equity interest in Boundless Bio, Inc. and Abterra, Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.