Choi, Daegwang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3102-2918
Zachariah, Serena
Kaurav, Rishabh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-4698
Fang, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-9323
Chen, Junsheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-8030
Laursen, Bo W.
Flood, Amar H.
Majumdar, Arka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0917-590X
Alù, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4297-5274
Menon, Vinod M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-6445
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (No. DMR-2019444)
National Science Foundation (QExpand grant OMA-2328993)
National Science Foundation (No. DMR-2019444)
National Science Foundation (No. DMR-2019444)
National Science Foundation (No. DMR-2118423)
National Science Foundation (No. DMR-2019444)
United States Department of Defense | U.S. Air Force (Scientific Research-MURI Grant FA9550-22-1-0317)
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF22OC0073582)
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF22OC0073582)
Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Competing interests
: B.W.L. and A.H.F. hold a patent on SMILES materials, and are cofounders of Halophore, Inc. B.W.L., A.H.F., D.C. and V.M.M. have a patent pending. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.