Zhang, Yi https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5387-3150
Farmakidis, Nikolaos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-1607
Roumpos, Ioannis
Moralis-Pegios, Miltiadis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-730X
Tsakyridis, Apostolos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1498-4904
Lee, June Sang
Dong, Bowei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4122-0953
He, Yuhan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0777-6029
Aggarwal, Samarth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-6096
Pleros, Nikos
Bhaskaran, Harish https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-8110
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Competing interests
: H.B is currently employed at a semiconductor company although this work was done during his time at the University of Oxford. He also owns shares in other photonic device firms and has either been granted or has applied for several related patents in the field. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.