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Authors
Chang, Xu https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2202-773X
Jeziorek, Maciej
Yang, Qi
Bonder, Edward M.
Yan, Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-9852
Etchegaray, Jean-Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6663-8870
Zhang, Fei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-7547
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NSF | Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering | Division of Computing and Communication Foundations (2007821)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (2046835)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01DK139790)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21AI167079)
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Competing interests
: F.Z., J-P.E., X.C., and M.J. have filed a provisional US patent based on this work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
