Zhang, Xiaojian
Hao, Lu
Xie, Juxuan
Tan, Zhaohong
Li, Shuaiqi
Gan, Chongwu
Xiong, Wei
Duan, Xianghao
Li, Shuai
Xu, Zishuo
Zhang, Kai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-7135
Wang, Yazhong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-5964
Tang, Haoran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0963-7230
Huang, Fei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-6642
Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Competing interests
: A patent (Patent Application 202511830824.6) related to this work was filed by Lumidar Technology Co., Ltd. X. Z., L.H. and F.H. are named inventors on the patent relevant to this work. X.Z., L.H. and F.H. declare no other competing interests. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.