Pedroza, Diego A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7355-2952
Yuan, Xueying
Liu, Fengshuo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4651-7710
Chan, Hilda L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6882-4274
Zhang, Christina
Bowie, William
Smith, Alex J.
Calderon, Sebastian J.
Lieu, Nadia
Wu, Weiguo
Porter, Paul
Sarkar, Poonam
Zhao, Na https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-3380
Oehler, Constanze V. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6772-7799
Peller, Ondrej https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3218-1897
Gaber, M. Waleed
Zhu, Qian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-8221
Perou, Charles M.
Zhang, Xiang H-F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-8670
Rosen, Jeffrey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-844X
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA016303-46)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA148761-13)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA183878)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA227904)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA221946)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA251950)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (5P50CA186784-03)
Susan G. Komen (SAC232150)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K99GM155594)
American Cancer Society (PF-22-163-01-MM)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP220468)
Article History
Received: 30 April 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Competing interests
: C.M.P. is an equity stockholder of and consultant for BioClassifier LLC. C.M.P. is also listed as an inventor on a patent application (US9631239B2) for the Breast PAM50 Subtyping assay (not related to this work). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.