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Authors
Leonard, Alison C.
Lenert-Mondou, Chase
Chayer, Rachel https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8493-1484
Swift, Samuel
Baumer, Zachary T.
Delaney, Ryan
Friedman, Anika J.
Robertson, Nicholas R.
Seder, Norman
Wells, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-6957
Whitmore, Lindsey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-0531
Cutler, Sean R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0885
Shirts, Michael R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-1097
Wheeldon, Ian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-7539
Whitehead, Timothy A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3177-1361
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2128287)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (CERES D24AC00011-05)
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Competing interests
: T.A.W., S.R.C., and I.W. have filed a provisional patent entitled REAGENTS AND SYSTEMS FOR GENERATING BIOSENSORS (US9738902B2; WO2011139798A2) covering some research in the present work. T.A.W. is a consultant for Inari Ag and serves on the scientific advisory board for Metaphore Biotechnologies and Alta Tech. S.R.C. and I.W. are cofounders of Living Sensors Inc., which has interests in sensing technologies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
