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Authors
Rose, April A. N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9845-4603
Maxwell, Jennifer https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3433-6520
Rousselle, Emmanuelle https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8831-7871
Mukonoweshuro, Chantel L. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7425-8345
Elkholi, Islam E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-2481
Riaud, Melody
Biondini, Marco
Cianfarano, Erica
Soria-Bretones, Isabel
Tobin, Chantal
McGuire, Meghan
Law, Rhoda W. Y.
Elia, Andrew J.
Wang, Ben X.
King, Ian
Zhang, Tong
Pugh, Trevor J.
Kamil, Zaid Saeed
Butler, Marcus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-7057
Shepherd, Frances A.
Leighl, Natasha B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3249-4602
Razak, Albiruni Abdul
Hansen, Aaron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-8707
Saibil, Samuel D.
Bedard, Philippe L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-2999
Siegel, Peter M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5568-6586
Siu, Lillian L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3500-0540
Cescon, David W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1080-0998
Spreafico, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3034-3042
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Conquer Cancer Foundation (707457)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (197819)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (180379)
Canada Foundation for Innovation (42153)
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2024
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Competing interests
: Dr. Rose has provided consultation for Advanced Accelerator Applications/Novartis, EMD Serrono, Merck, and Pfizer. Dr. Rose reports research funding from AstraZeneca (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Merck (Inst), Seattle Genetics (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), and Essa Pharma (Inst). Dr. Soria Bretones is an employee of Repare Therapeutics. Dr. King reports research funding from Pfizer (Inst). Dr. Pugh has provided consultation for AstraZeneca, Chrysalis Biomedical Advisors, and Merck (compensated); and receives research support (institutional) from Roche/Genentech and AstraZeneca. Dr. Shepherd has provided consultation for AstraZeneca and Data and Safety Monitoring Board activity for Merck and Celltrion. Dr. Leighl reports Research Funding and/or study materials (Institution)from: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Guardant Health, Neogenomics; Honorarium for CME lecture (to institution) from: Amgen; funding for travel, accommodations (CME lectures) from: AstraZeneca, Dava, Guardant Health, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Roche; and uncompensated Data Safety Monitoring Board activity for: Mirati Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo. Dr. Razak reported a consulting/advisory role with Adaptimmune, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, Medison, Inhibrx, research funding from Deciphera, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb, MedImmune, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, Blueprint Medicines, Merck, AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Iterion Therapeutics, Neoleukin Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Symphogen, Rain Therapeutics, and expert testimony with Medison. Dr. Hansen reported receiving research funds (paid to institution) from: Advancell, AVEO, BMS, Janssen, Macrogenics, MSD, Seagen, Roche, and Tyra Biosciences. Consulting fees (paid personally) from: Astellas, Bayer, Eisai, MSD. Dr. Bedard reported an uncompensated consulting/advisory role with BMS, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Lilly, Amgen, Merck, Gilead Sciences, Repare and research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb (Inst), Sanofi (Inst), AstraZeneca (Inst), Genentech/Roche (Inst), GlaxoSmithKline (Inst), Novartis (Inst), Nektar (Inst), Merck (Inst), Seattle Genetics (Inst), Immunomedics (Inst), Lilly (Inst), Amgen (Inst), Bicara Therapeutics (Inst), Zymeworks (Inst), Bayer (Inst), Medicenna (Inst), Day One Biopharmaceuticals (Inst). Dr. Siu reported consultant/advisory roles for: Merck, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Voronoi, Arvinas, Navire, Relay, Marengo, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Medicenna, LTZ Therapeutics, Tubulis, Marengo, Nerviano, Pangea, Incyte, Gilead; Institutions receives grant/research support for clinical trials from: Merck, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer/Seattle Genetics, Boerhinger-Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche/Genentech, AstraZeneca/Medimmune, Bayer, Abbvie, Amgen, Symphogen, EMD Serono, 23Me, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Marengo, Incyte, LegoChem, Loxo/Eli Lilly, Medicenna, Takara; Spouse has leadership position: Treadwell Therapeutics; Spouse has stock ownership: Agios. Dr. Cescon reports consultancy and advisory relationships with AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Exact Sciences, GenomeRx, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Inivata/NeoGenomics, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and SAGA; research funding to their institution from AstraZeneca, GenomeRx, Guardant Health, Grail, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Inivata/NeoGenomics, Knight, Merck, PearBio, Pfizer, ProteinQure, RayzeBio and Roche. Dr. Spreafico reported a consulting/advisory role with Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Alents andgrant/research funding from Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Symphogen AstraZeneca/Medimmune, Merck, Bayer, Surface Oncology, Northern Biologics, Janssen Oncology/Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Regeneron, Alkermes, Array Biopharma/Pfizer, GSK, NuBiyota, Oncorus, Treadwell, Amgen, ALX Oncology, Nubiyota, Genentech, Seagen, Servier, Incyte, Alentis. All other co-authors report no conflicts of interest.
