Carton, Molly https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9062-3647
Surjadi, James Utama https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-1081
Aymon, Bastien F. G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-7328
Xu, Ling
Portela, Carlos M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-4235
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (CMMI-2142460)
National Science Foundation (CMMI-2418432)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (SoE Engineering Excellence Fellowship)
Article History
Received: 18 July 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.