Lee, Chia-Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9146-5644
Yamada, Tomohide https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0152-3668
Liu, Wei-Ju https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-0605
Hara, Kazuo
Yamauchi, Toshimasa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-6404
Yanagimoto, Shintaro
Hiraike, Yuta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-7975
Article History
Received: 3 August 2024
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Competing interests
: CL.L. and WJ.L. are inventors of a filed patent application related to this work, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PREDICTING INSULIN RESISTANCE OR PANCREATIC BETA-CELL FUNCTION AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIUM THEREOF” (application numbers: 113111331 in Taiwan, 2024-056758 in Japan, and 18/616,217 in the United States). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.