Gao, Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-0922
Li, Chunli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-3523
Chang, Wanxing
Du, Bai https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4812-1222
Ye, Xianghua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4075-4777
Yeo, Yee Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2703-5954
Xia, Yingda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7478-4392
Guo, Heng
Zhang, Xiaoming https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3986-885X
Liu, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3655-0058
Bai, Ruobing https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6312-9809
Li, Beibei https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2566-7476
Hong, Yang https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9444-877X
Yao, Jiawen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7429-2964
Lu, Le https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6799-9416
Cao, Kai
Yan, Ke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0034-9013
Chen, Jun
Li, Jie
Hou, Yang
Zhang, Ling https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-5252
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170609)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471971)
Nanjing University (2024-DF-03)
Article History
Received: 7 January 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Competing interests
: Alibaba Group has filed patent applications CN 202310814888 (on behalf of Y.G., K.Y., H.G., L.Z., J.Y., L.L., Y.S., and C.L.) and CN 202411205413 (on behalf of Y.G., C.L., L.Z., K.Y., H.G., W.L., X.Z., L.L., and Y.S.) for work related to the MAOSS methods. Y.G., W.X.C., Y.X., H.G., X.Z., W.L., J.Y., K.Y. and Z.L. are employees of Alibaba Group and own Alibaba stock as part of the standard compensation package. All other authors have no competing interests.