Ren, Qingtan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8224-9291
Sheng, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-8967
Li, Jie
Liu, Bin
Xing, Changsheng
Wu, Yunzhong
Chen, Wanxiaonan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5570-6653
Zhang, Linsen
Zhang, Tong
Bai, Xueping
Shi, Zhendong
Wang, Lidong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-0582
Fei, Weidong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-5722
Article History
Received: 21 January 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 20 January 2026
Competing interests
: L.W., Q. Ren and W.F. are listed as the inventors for two Chinese patents (CN119639079A for invention of a method to upcycle and reuse of CF wastes, and CN119824678A for invention a method for GCF production) filed by Harbin Institute of Technology (patents status: pending). The other authors declare no competing interests.