Liang, Yuxiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-1724
Yu, Zhaowei
Du, Shaobo
Guo, Yuqian
Li, Jing
Yan, Yujia
Jin, Shanshan
Liang, Wenjing
Li, Mengyuan
Jin, Ning
Yang, Jiao
Peng, Zhiwei
Chen, Zhaoyang
Yang, Hailan
Liu, Zhizhen
Shuai, Qizhi
Li, Liping
Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 21 January 2026
Competing interests
: Yuxiang Liang, Jun Xie, Mengyuan Li, Zhiwei Peng, and Zhizhen Liu have submitted a patent application to the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) pertaining to the preparation and application of the composite hydrogel system described in this work (application number 202511595392.5). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.