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Article History

Received: 7 May 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 29 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: R.L.J. received grants/research support from MSD, GSK, and received consultation fees from Adaptimmune, Astex, Athenex, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Blueprint, Clinigen, Eisai, Epizyme, Daichii, Deciphera, Immunedesign, Immunicum, Karma Oncology, Lilly, Merck, Mundipharma, Pharmamar, SpringWorks, SynOx, Tracon, UptoDate. P.R. has personal interests in AbbVie, AstraZeneca, GSK, Tesaro, and non-personal interests in AstraZeneca, Atrios, Clovis, Daiichi Sankyo, Forma, GSK, Tesaro, Immuntep, Incyte, Iovance, Mersana, Nucana, PsiOxus, Replimune, Sierra, Starpharma, StepPharma, Theolytics. B.A.V.T. received research grants from Polaris Pharmaceuticals; personal/consulting or advisory fees from Aadi Bioscience, Actua Capital Partners LLC, Advenchen Laboratories, Boxer Capital LLC, Crisper Therapeutics, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, EcoR1 Capital LLC, Galapagos, Hinge Bio, Putnam, and Salarius Pharmaceuticals Inc.; honoraria for educational talks from Beijing Biostar Pharmaceuticals, Co., LTD., Itertion Therapeutics, Oncology Education, and Total Health Conference; participates on a data/safety advisory board for Apexigen, Daiichi Sankyo, Epizyme, Bayer US Medical Affairs, PTC Therapeutics, Aadi Biosciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, Agenus, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Advenchen, Curis, Syneos Health, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, and Curtis; contributes nonpaid service as a board member with Polaris; has received travel support from Adaptimmune LLC, and holds a patent with Accuronix Therapeutics. M.M.C. and H.T. are employed by and own stock in Rigel Pharmaceuticals. R.G., J.-Y.B., H.C., M.D.L.F., F.D., and R.B. have no conflicts of interest to report.