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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: Ravi B. Parikh declares the following competing interests: grants from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, Prostate Cancer Foundation, National Palliative Care Research Center, NCCN Foundation, Conquer Cancer Foundation, Humana, Emerson Collective, Schmidt Futures, Arnold Ventures, Mendel.ai, and Veterans Health Administration; personal fees and equity from GNS Healthcare, Thyme Care, Optinosis, Main Street Health, and Onc.AI; personal fees from the ConcertAI, Cancer Study Group, Mendel.ai, Biofourmis, Archetype Therapeutics, CreditSuisse, G1 Therapeutics, Humana, and Nanology; honoraria from Flatiron and Medscape; has board membership (unpaid) at the Coalition to Transform Advanced Care and American Cancer Society; editor at the Journal of Clinical Oncology; and serves on a leadership consortium (unpaid) at the National Quality Forum, all outside the submitted work. Ezekiel Emanuel declares the following competing interests: travel reimbursement from Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore; travel to Global Innovation Forum AAHC, Washington, DC; travel reimbursement from Macalester College, St. Paul, MN; travel reimbursement from Oak CEO Summit, honorarium from Advocate Aurora Health Summit, travel reimbursement from DPharm Conference, honorarium and travel reimbursement from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Shadyside, Pittsburgh, PA; travel reimbursement from the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; travel reimbursement from Cain Brothers Conference, New York, NY; honorarium and travel reimbursement from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME; travel reimbursement from The Galien Foundation, travel reimbursement from HLTH 2022 Meeting, Las Vegas, NV; travel reimbursement from the Hawaii Medical Service Association, Honolulu, HI; travel reimbursement from the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; travel reimbursement from The Suntory Foundation, Tokyo, Japan; honorarium and travel reimbursement from the Ontario Hospital Association, Ontario, Canada; Monetary prize and travel reimbursement from the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK; travel reimbursement from The Quadrangle, Haverford, PA; lodging Lazard HC Leadership Summit, Walland, TN; travel reimbursement from HLTH 2023 Meeting, Las Vegas, NV; honorarium and travel reimbursement from Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; honorarium and travel reimbursement from Health Plan Alliance, Atlanta, GA; honorarium and travel reimbursement from Emory Health Care Leaders Retreat, Greensboro, GA; honorarium and travel reimbursement from Employer Direct Health Care, Aspen, CO; travel reimbursement from the University of Virginia, Roslyn, VA; travel reimbursement from the New York Historical Society, New York, NY; lodging Amangiri Executive Retreat, Canyon Point, UT; travel reimbursement from Forerunner Conference, Sao Paulo, Brazil; travel reimbursement from BCEPS conference, Solstrand, Norway; travel reimbursement Arendaluska Meeting, Arendal, Norway; lodging Futures of Science Summit, Philadelphia, PA; travel reimbursement from The Galien Foundation New York; travel reimbursement from the Milken Institute Washington, DC. Dr. Emanuel is serving on the following: Member Board of Advisors Cellares Corp.; Advisor Notable Health; Member Advisory Board JSL Health Capital; Member Advisory Board Peterson Center on Health Care; Advisor Clarify Health Solutions; Consultant Health Care Foundry Inc.; Member Advisory Board Feel Better Ltd.; Consultant Korro/Coach AI Ltd.; Consultant Aberdeen Inc.; Member Board of Advisors Alto Pharmacy Holdings; Advisor Link Health Technologies; Advisor Nuna; Expert Advisory Member WHO COVID 19 Ethics & Governance Working Group; Advisory Board Member HIEX Health Innovation Exchange partnership sponsored by UN Geneva; Advisory Board Member Biden’s Transition COVID-19 Committee; Special Advisor to the Director General World Health Organization; Editorial Board Member Journal of the American Medical Association; Member Guideline Development Group (GDG) of the WHO Rapid Advice Guideline on the Use & Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Management of Adults Living with Obesity; Member Internal Advisory Board The Penn Parity Center; Advisor Dendro Technologies Inc. (CalmiGo). Dr. Emanuel reports investments in Sunstone Consulting and Aktivate. Dr. Emanuel reports royalties from his books and William Morris Endeavor. Dr. Emanuel reports the following grants: Hogan Lovells, Mendel Health Inc., University of Bergen, Jansen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Schmidt Futures Schwab Charitable Fund, Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Humana, University of Miami, Hawaii Medical Services Association, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute. Dr. Emanuel reports options for Nuna, Link Health Technologies, Inc, Clarify Health Solutions, Healthcare Foundry Inc., Alto Pharmacy Holdings, Korro/Coach AI Ltd., FeelBetter LTD., Notable Health, Cellares Corp., Sunstone Consulting; all outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.