Rantalainen, Kimmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3158-9183
Liguori, Alessia
Ozorowski, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9695-8138
Flynn, Claudia
Steichen, Jon M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-3251
Swanson, Olivia M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-8358
Madden, Patrick J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4527-5692
Baboo, Sabyasachi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-5160
Phulera, Swastik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-7712
Gharpure, Anant
Lu, Danny https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-3377
Kalyuzhniy, Oleksandr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-1951
Skog, Patrick
Terada, Sierra https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1152-8630
Shil, Monolina
Diedrich, Jolene K.
Georgeson, Erik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5137-4625
Tingle, Ryan
Eskandarzadeh, Saman
Lee, Wen-Hsin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9445-6671
Alavi, Nushin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-6280
Goodwin, Diana
Kubitz, Michael
Amirzehni, Sonya
Himansu, Sunny https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-9674
Sok, Devin
Lee, Jeong Hyun
Yates, John R. III https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-1672
Paulson, James C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-5322
Crotty, Shane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-6262
Schiffner, Torben
Ward, Andrew B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-3769
Schief, William R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-0150
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI144462)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56 AI192143)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (5F31AI179426-02)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI144462)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI144462)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI144462)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI147826)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI144462)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-007522)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-008813)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-002916)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-007522)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-008813)
Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
Article History
Received: 30 May 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Competing interests
: J.M.S. and W.R.S. are inventors on a patent for the BG505 MD39 and N332-GT5 immunogens (US11203617B2 and US20230190914A1). S.H. and W.R.S. are employees and shareholders of Moderna, Inc. All other authors declare no competing interests.