O’Shea, Caitlin M.
Shahzad, Rushba
Aghasoleimani, Kimia
Newman, Stuart
Panmanee, Jiraporn
Schalkwyk, Leonard C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7030-5756
Brooke, Greg N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-4134
Benson, Fiona E.
Trimmer, James S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-3912
Bosco, Daryl A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3735-3729
Fujisawa, Takao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7401-5457
Ichijo, Hidenori https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5005-6438
Cashman, Neil R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1006
Engel, Stanislav https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5916-5190
Wright, Gareth S. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-9634
Funding for this research was provided by:
Royal Society (RGS\R1\231005)
Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF008\1028)
Motor Neurone Disease Association (Wright/Oct18/969-799)
Motor Neurone Disease Association (Wright/Apr25/2472-791)
National Research Council of Thailand (N42A67012)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24 NS109113)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24 NS119916)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London (25H00971)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJMS2022-18)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP21gm5010001)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (22gm0010009s0101)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (23gm0010009s0102)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (23gm1710001s0102)
Israel Science Foundation (221/22)
Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Competing interests
: N.R.C. is Chief Science Officer of ProMIS Neurosciences, and a Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.