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Article History

Received: 7 October 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 7 February 2026

Competing interests

: T.G.B. is an advisor to Revolution Medicines, Relay, EcoR1, Engine, Novartis, Pfizer, Astrazeneca, Genentech, AbbVie, Daiichi Sankyo, and Granule Therapeutics, and receives research funding from Revolution Medicines, Verastem, and Nextpoint. J.W.N. reports stock ownership in SecondLook Health and receives royalties from UpToDate. He serves in a consulting or advisory role for AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Blueprint Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Natera, Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, Summit Therapeutics, Novartis, Novocure, Janssen Oncology, Anheart Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Nuvation Bio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Oxford BioTherapeutics, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, and Foresight Diagnostics. He receives research funding (to self) from Revolution Medicines and Nuvalent, and research funding (to institution) from Genentech/Roche, Merck, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Exelixis, Nektar Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Adaptimmune, GSK, and Janssen. He has received honoraria from Research to Practice CME, Medscape CME, Projects in Knowledge CME, MJH Life Sciences CME, PlatformQ/Medlive CME, IDEOlogy Health, Navya Network, Curio Science, and PER. C.T.C. receives grants from ADC Therapeutics, Bolt Biotherapeutics, D3 Bio, Genentech-Roche, Gilead Sciences, Kinnate Biopharma, Mersana, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Palleon Pharmaceuticals, Pionyr Therapeutics, Rain Oncology, Revolution Medicines, Seagen, Tango Therapeutics, GSK, Eli Lilly, and Takeda and is a consultant or on advisory boards for Johnson & Johnson, Mubadala Capital, Tango Therapeutics, and Radionetics Oncology. S.K. serves as a consultant for Aadi Bioscience, Medpace, Foundation Medicine, NeoGenomics, and CureMatch. S.K. receives speaker’s fees from Chugai, Roche/Genentech, and Bayer, and serves on the advisory board for Pfizer. S.K. has research funding from ACT Genomics, Sysmex, Konica Minolta, OmniSeq, Personalis, and Function Oncology. T.S.W., P.S., N.M., C.L., K.B.G., L.S., R.J.P., E.S.M., and R.W. were full-time employees of Kinnate Biopharma at the time of the research. P.S. is an employee of Tupos Therapeutics and serves as a paid consultant for Pierre Fabre Laboratories. T.S.W. is an employee of Alterome Therapeutics. N.M. is an employee of Actio Biosciences. C.L. is an employee of Zentalis Pharmaceuticals. K.B.G. is a co-founder and employee of KymaThera Inc. L.S. is an employee of Fortvita Biologics. R.J.P. is an employee of Innovent Biologics. E.S.M. is an employee of Arpeggio Biosciences, Oncology New Co, and Storm Therapeutics. E.A.M. receives compensation, owns equity, has stock options, serves on the BOD, and is a co-founder of Alterome Therapeutics and Sidewinder Therapeutics. He serves as an advisor and has stock options in Architect Therapeutics, and previously received compensation, owned equity, had stock options, served on the BOD, and is a co-founder of Kinnate Biopharma. R.W. is an employee of Khora Therapeutics and serves as a paid consultant for Pierre Fabre Laboratories. E.D. and N.Z. are full-time employees and shareholders of Guardant Health. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.