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Authors
Berleant, Joseph D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-4292
Banal, James L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-4824
Rao, Dhriti K. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0690-2115
Bathe, Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-6855
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-21-1-4013)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ICB Subaward KK1954)
National Science Foundation (CBET-1729397, OAC-1940231, CCF-1956054, Grant No. 1122374, SBIR Phase I 2136447, CCF 2403100)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (DRC Center Grant NIH P30 DK063720)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30-ES002109)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Competing interests
: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has filed a patent related to this work on behalf of J.L.B., M.B., J.D.B., and additional inventors (US Patent App. 17/836,726). J.L.B. and M.B. are co-founders and equity shareholders of Cache DNA, Inc. (Cache). J.L.B. is an employee of Cache and an independent contractor of OpenAI. D.K.R. was an intern at Cache for the period of this work.
