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Authors
Joo, Hyeong-Joon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-860X
Fukushima, Toshihiko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-9527
Li, Xiying
Shagan Shomron, Alona https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-6198
Koh, Soo Jin Adrian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2473-0991
Rothemund, Philipp https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-6993
Keplinger, Christoph https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9151-4100
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2024
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Competing interests
: C.K. is a coinventor on three patents, which cover the fundamentals and basic designs of HASEL actuators (assignee of all three patents is the Regents of the University of Colorado: US Patent 10995779B2, granted 2021-05-04; US Patent 11486421B2, granted 2022-11-01; and US Patent 11408452B2, granted 2022-08-09). C.K. is a cofounder of Artimus Robotics, a start-up company that commercializes HASEL actuators. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
