Karapetyan, Shake https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-5425
Zeltmann, Steven E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-3137
Wilk, Glen
Chen, Ta-Kun
Hou, Vincent D.-H.
Muller, David A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-0473
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (DMR-2039380)
National Science Foundation (DMR-1539918)
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (JDP184087)
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (JDP184087)
Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Competing interests
: Cornell University (D.A.M.) has licensed the EMPAD hardware to Thermo Fisher Scientific. The other authors declare no competing interests.